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Table 2 Risk factors and mean UPMS score (n =10,566)

From: A pattern of unspecific somatic symptoms as long-term premonitory signs of type 2 diabetes: findings from the population-based MONICA/KORA cohort study, 1984-2009

Risk factor

Category

UPMS score

P value

  

Mean (standard deviation)

 

All

 

7.76 (4.31)

-

Educational level

Low

8.24 (4.40)

< 0.001

 

High

6.59 (3.83)

 

Parental history of diabetes

No

7.48 (4.20)

< 0.001

 

Yes

8.13 (4.35)

 
 

Unknown

8.38 (4.54)

 

Current smoker

No

7.91 (4.28)

< 0.001

 

Yes

7.37 (4.36)

 

Alcohol consumption

No

8.46 (4.58)

< 0.001

 

Moderate

7.52 (4.15)

 
 

High

7.44 (4.20)

 

Physical inactivity

No

6.99 (4.05)

< 0.001

 

Yes

8.35 (4.40)

 

Actual hypertension

No

7.59 (4.19)

< 0.001

 

Yes

8.07 (4.49)

 

TC/HDL-C

< 5

7.81 (4.24)

0.14

 

≥5

7.67 (4.47)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

< 25

7.43 (4.13)

< 0.001

 

25- <30

7.80 (4.34)

 
 

≥30

8.45 (4.55)

 
  1. BMI: Body mass index; TC/HDL-C: Total cholesterol/High density lipoprotein cholesterol; UPMS: Unspecific premonitory symptom.