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Table 2 Midnight salivary cortisol (MSC) by gender, psychiatric factors, lifestyle, obesity, high HbA1c, hypoglycemia, and medication in 196 patients with type 1 diabetes

From: Depression, smoking, physical inactivity and season independently associated with midnight salivary cortisol in type 1 diabetes

 

Midnight salivary cortisol (nmol/L)

 

n (%)

Median (q1, q3;range)

P1

All participants

 

196

5.0 (3.1, 7.5; 1.9–47.0)

 

Gender

 

Men

 

106 (54)

4.6 (3.1, 6.8; 1.9–47.0)

0.062

Women

 

90 (46)

5.6 (3.2, 8.0; 1.9–23.0 )

Psychiatric variables

 

Depression2

Yes

20 (10)

7.7 (5.0, 13.0; 1.9–31.0)

0.005

No

176 (90)

4.8 (3.0, 7.1; 1.9–47.0)

Depression2 and antidepressants (Sub analysis)

 

Depression2, using antidepressants

 

5 (2)

8.7 (3.3; 18.0; 3.0–26.0)

0.76

Depression2, not using antidepressants

 

15 (8)

6.7 (5.1; 13.0; 1.9–31.0)

No depression2, using antidepressants

 

8 (4)

4.4 (3.1; 8.6; 2.9–14.0)

0.90

No depression2, not using antidepressants

 

168 (86)

4.8 (3.0; 7.1; 1.9–47.0)

Clinical psychiatric diagnoses

Yes

27 (14)

5.3 (3.7, 9.4; 1.9–26.0)

0.28

No

169 (86)

5.0 (3.0, 7.4; 1.9–47.0)

Life style factors

 

Smoking

Yes

16 (9)

9.0 (6.6, 11.8; 2.3–47.0)

<0.001

No

170 (91)

4.8 (3.0, 7.0; 1.9–31.0)

Physical inactivity

Yes

19 (10)

6.3 (4.3, 13.0; 1.9–31.0)

0.050

No

165 (90)

4.9 (3.0, 7.2; 1.9–47.0)

Metabolic variables and hypoglycemia episodes

 

HbA1c >70 mmol/mol (>8.6%)

Yes

50 (26)

5.3 (3.7, 7.6; 1.9–31.0)

0.26

No

146 (74)

4.8 (3.0, 7.5; 1.9–47.0)

Abdominal obesity, men3

Yes

8 (8)

3.8 (2.5, 5.4; 1.9–31.0)

0.37

No

96 (92)

4.8 (3.1, 7.2; 1.9–47.0)

Abdominal obesity, women4

Yes

21 (24)

7.1 (5.1, 8.8; 2.9–20)

0.030

No

65 (76)

5.0 (2.9, 7.8; 1.9–23.0)

Severe hypoglycemia episodes5

Yes

9 (5)

5.4 (3.4, 6.5; 2.4–11.0)

0.96

No

186 (95)

5.0 (3.1, 7.6; 1.9–47.0)

Medication

 

Antidepressants

Yes

13

4.4 (3.3, 9.7; 2.9–26.0)

0.53

No

183

5.0 (3.1, 7.4; 1.9–47.0)

Inhaled steroids

Yes

15 (8)

5.4 (3.0, 7.6; 2.3–11.0)

0.88

No

181 (92)

5.0 (3.1, 7.5; 1.9–47.0)

  1. 1Mann-Whitney U test. 2Self-reported. 3WC: ≥1.02 m. 4WC: ≥0.88 m. 5At least one severe hypoglycemia episode during the last 6 months where they needed help from another person.