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Table 2 Hazard ratios of severe hypoglycaemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the risk of all-cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes

From: Hypoglycaemia, chronic kidney disease and death in type 2 diabetes: the Hong Kong diabetes registry

Exposures

Number of death (%)

Hazard ratio

95% CI

P value

Independent Models

    

Patients without CKD

    

Model 1: Hypoglycemia

749(9.45%)

3.48

2.68 to 4.52

<0.0001

Model 2: Hypoglycemia

749(9.45%)

1.81

1.38 to 2.38

<0.0001

Model 3: Hypoglycemia

749(9.45%)

1.72

1.31 to 2.26

<0.0001

Patients with CKD

    

Model 1: Hypoglycemia

326(36.34%)

2.87

2.16 to 3.82

<0.0001

Model 2: Hypoglycemia

326(36.34%)

2.70

2.00 to 3.64

<0.0001

Model 3: Hypoglycemia

326(36.34%)

2.63

1.95 to 3.55

<0.0001

Interactive Models

    

Model 1

    

Hypoglycemia = Yes and CKD = No

61(22.43%)

3.47

2.67 to 4.52

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = No and CKD = Yes

267(34.19%)

5.70

4.93 to 6.57

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = Yes and CKD = Yes

59(50.86%)

16.21

12.38 to 21.23

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = No and CKD = No

683(8.99%)

 

Reference

 

Model 2

    

Hypoglycemia = Yes and CKD = No

61(22.43%)

1.87

1.43 to 2.44

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = No and CKD = Yes

267(34.19%)

1.75

1.49 to 2.07

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = Yes and CKD = Yes

59(50.86%)

4.32

3.25 to 5.75

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = No and CKD = No

683(8.99%)

 

Reference

 

Model 3

    

Hypoglycemia = Yes and CKD = No

61(22.43%)

1.81

1.38 to 2.37

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = No and CKD = Yes

267(34.19%)

1.63

1.38 to 1.93

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = Yes and CKD = Yes

59(50.86%)

3.91

2.93 to 5.21

<0.0001

Hypoglycemia = No and CKD = No

683(8.99%)

 

Reference

 
  1. Model 1, not adjusted for other covariables at enrollment;
  2. Model 2, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol use, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure (SBP), HBA1c, duration of disease, and Ln (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio [ACR] +1), prior cardiovascular disease and prior cancer. As BMI violated the proportional hazard assumption, Cox models stratified on quartiles of BMI were used to adjust for the confounding effect of BMI;
  3. Model 3, further adjusted for drug use at enrollment, including lipid lowering drugs, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, oral anti-diabetes drugs and insulin.