Hypoglycaemia, chronic kidney disease and death in type 2 diabetes: the Hong Kong diabetes registry

BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study cohort

	Patients who survived (n = 7697)	Patients who died (n = 1070)
	Median (25th to 75th) or n(%)	Median (25th to 75th) or n(%)	P value†
Age, years	57(47–66)	69(62–75)	<0.0001
Male gender	3586(46.6%)	533(49.8%)	0.0477
Smoking status			<0.0001
Ex-smoker	1094(14.2%)	256(23.9%)
Current smoker	1310(17.0%)	197(18.4%)
Alcohol intake			<0.0001
Ex-drinker	846(11.0%)	206(19.3%)
Current drinker	720(9.4%)	57(19.3%)
Body mass index, kg/m²	24.9(22.6-27.6)	24.2(21.8-26.6)	<0.0001
Duration of diabetes, years	5(1-10)	9(4–15)	<0.0001
Systolic BP, mmHg	132(120–145)	144(128–159)	<0.0001
Diastolic BP, mmHg	75(68–82)	75(68–83)	0.4583
HbA_1c, %	7.2(6.3-8.4)	7.5(6.5-8.9)	<0.0001
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.98(2.40-3.60)	3.14(2.50-3.90)	<0.0001
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.28(1.09-1.52)	1.25(1.03-1.54)	0.0108
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.37(0.97-1.99)	1.36(0.98-2.00)	0.6668
Spot urinary ACR, mg/mmol	1.69(2.72)	13.42(2.06-120.20)	<0.0001
Prior cardiovascular disease	972(12.6%)	321(30.0%)	<0.0001
Prior cancer	193(2.9%)	69(6.5%)	<0.0001
Medication use at enrollment
Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors	1687(21.9%)	306(28.6%)	<0.0001
Lipid lowering drugs	1509(19.6%)	170(15.9%)	0.0038
Oral anti-diabetes drugs	5335(69.3%)	626(58.5%)	<0.0001
Insulin	1197(15.6%)	311(29.1%)	<0.0001
CKD events at baseline
eGFR, ml min^-1 1.73 m^-2 at baseline	105.6(86.2-126.0)	79.0(51.7-104.7)	<0.0001
eGFR < 60 ml min^-1 1.73 m^-2 at baseline	571(7.4%)	326(30.5%)	<0.0001
Major hyopglycaemia events
12 months prior to enrollment	146(1.9%)	63(5.9%)	<0.0001
During follow-up only§	122(1.6%)	57(5.3%)	<0.0001
Either of them	268(3.5%)	120(11.2%)	<0.001

Abbreviations: HbA_1c, glycated haemglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP, blood pressure; ACR, albumin:creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;
†, Derived from Wilcoxon Two-Sample test or Chi-squared test where appropriate;
§, Defined as hypoglycaemia events that required hospitalisations. For patients who developed the event during follow-up, the time period from enrollment to the time of hospitalisation was removed as the immortal time period so that the follow-up started at the time of admission for hypoglycaemia. In these patients, all baseline values of continuous covariables and prior cancer and cardiovascular disease were re-estimated by treating the time of admission for hypoglycaemia as the enrollment date.

ISSN: 1472-6823