Table 2 Characteristics of participants and blood Mn levels according to the presence of chronic diseases a
Diabetes | Renal dysfunction | Hypertension | IHD | Stroke | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 255) | No (n = 3735) | P value | Yes (n = 200) | No (n = 3796) | P value | Yes (n = 1056) | No (n = 2921) | P value | Yes (n = 49) | No (n = 3941) | P value | Yes (n = 43) | No (n = 3947) | P value | |
Age (≥ 65 yrs) | 39.1 (3.7) | 12.2 (0.6) | < .001 | 61.6 (4.0) | 11.2 (0.5) | < .001 | 30.8 (1.6) | 7.7 (0.6) | < .001 | 48.7 (8.8) | 13.3 (0.6) | < .001 | 42.8 (9.2) | 13.5 (0.6) | < .001 |
Sex (male) | 46.0 (3.4) | 49.7 (0.6) | 0.31 | 46.4 (3.6) | 49.7 (0.5) | 0.38 | 55.0 (1.5) | 47.4 (0.7) | < .001 | 54.6 (8.0) | 49.4 (0.5) | 0.52 | 62.0 (9.4) | 49.3 (0.5) | 0.19 |
BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2) | 49.7 (3.6) | 29.9 (0.9) | <.001 | 47.4 (4.2) | 30.2 (0.9) | < .001 | 46.2 (1.7) | 25.8 (0.9) | < .001 | 49.6 (8.0) | 30.9 (0.9) | 0.01 | 35.1 (8.3) | 31.1 (0.9) | 0.62 |
Smoking exposure | 23.0 (2.8) | 25.8 (0.8) | 0.34 | 9.2 (2.2) | 26.6 (0.8) | < .001 | 24.9 (1.5) | 26.0 (0.9) | 0.54 | 17.3 (7.7) | 25.8 (0.7) | 0.92 | 21.3 (6.5) | 25.7 (0.7) | 0.53 |
Alcohol (≥ 30 g/day) | 6.3 (1.7) | 10.2 (0.6) | 0.08 | 5.7 (1.9) | 10.2 (0.6) | 0.07 | 13.5 (1.3) | 8.7 (0.6) | < .001 | 2.1 (2.1) | 10.1 (0.6) | 0.07 | 2.8 (2.8) | 10.0 (0.6) | 0.16 |
Residence (rural) | 20.6 (3.4) | 20.2 (1.8) | 0.89 | 20.9 (4.1) | 20.1 (1.8) | 0.83 | 22.2 (2.2) | 19.5 (1.8) | 0.07 | 29.2 (7.7) | 20.1 (1.8) | 0.17 | 24.0 (6.7) | 20.2 (1.8) | 0.54 |
Education (≥ college) | 16.4 (2.5) | 30.4 (1) | < .001 | 9.3 (2.3) | 30.7 (1.0) | < .001 | 18.7 (1.5) | 33.5 (1.1) | < .001 | 12.1 (5.3) | 29.8 (1.0) | 0.02 | 3.7 (2.5) | 29.8 (1.0) | < .001 |
Occupation | 0.02 | 0.93 | < .001 | < .001 | 0.95 | ||||||||||
Services & others | 6.1 (1.8) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.2 (1.6) | 5.6 (0.6) | 7.4 (1.1) | 5.0 (0.6) | 19.0 (7.1) | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.9 (3.4) | 5.6 (0.6) | |||||
Industry | 15.2 (3.1) | 8.8 (0.5) | 8.6 (2.2) | 9.2 (0.5) | 11.7 (1.1) | 8.2 (0.6) | 4.2 (2.7) | 9.2 (0.5) | 7.9 (4.4) | 9.2 (0.5) | |||||
Agriculture & fishery | 78.8 (3.4) | 85.6 (0.8) | 86.2 (2.7) | 85.2 (0.8) | 81.0 (1.5) | 86.8 (0.8) | 76.8 (7.3) | 85.3 (0.8) | 86.2 (5.3) | 85.2 (0.8) | |||||
Blood Mn (μg/dL)b | 1.26 ± 0.02 | 1.35 ± 0.01 | 0.001 | 1.28 ± 0.03 | 1.35 ± 0.01 | 0.04 | 1.32 ± 0.01 | 1.35 ± 0.01 | 0.04 | 1.25 ± 0.05 | 1.34 ± 0.01 | 0.09 | 1.35 ± 0.08 | 1.34 ± 0.01 | 0.94 |