Risk of type 2 diabetes according to traditional and emerging anthropometric indices in Spain, a Mediterranean country with high prevalence of obesity: results from a large-scale prospective cohort study

Table 2 Baseline general and anthropometrical characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic members of the Spanish EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) cohort, by sex

	Men				Women
	Non-cases		Cases		Non-cases		Cases
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR	Median	IQR	Median	IQR
Age (years)	49.3	11.6	52.2	11.4	47.1	13.3	51.9	12.1
Height (cm)	169.0	8.4	168.0	7.9	157.0	7.8	155.2	8.0
Weight (kg)	80.0	13.4	84.5	15.4	66.8	13.8	76.4	16.8
Waist circumference (cm)	98.0	11.0	103.5	12.0	85.0	15.0	97.0	14.0
Hip circumference (cm)	104.0	7.7	106.6	9.0	104.0	11.0	111.0	14.0
Sitting height (cm)	87.3	5.3	86.8	4.9	82.7	4.7	82.2	4.8
Leg length (cm)	81.8	6.3	81.0	6.3	74.2	5.8	73.0	5.6
Body mass index (kg/m²)	27.9	4.1	30.0	4.5	27.1	5.9	31.8	6.5
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.94	0.06	0.97	0.06	0.82	0.08	0.86	0.07
Waist-to-height ratio	0.58	0.07	0.62	0.07	0.54	0.10	0.63	0.09
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
BMI categories¹
Normal weight	1876	14.7	68	5.3	6637	29.5	63	5.1
Overweight	7572	59.4	569	44.7	9658	43.0	379	30.5
Obese	3299	25.9	635	49.9	6178	27.5	799	64.4
WC categories²
Low	3619	28.4	132	10.4	6582	29.3	48	3.9
Medium	4813	37.8	409	32.2	6501	28.9	175	14.1
High	4315	33.9	731	57.5	9390	41.8	1018	82.0
Educational level
Primary or lower	7599	59.6	924	72.6	16524	73.5	1032	83.2
Secondary	2748	21.6	225	17.7	2631	11.7	62	5.0
University	2026	15.9	76	6.0	2260	10.1	26	2.1
Unknown	374	2.9	47	3.7	1058	4.7	121	9.8
Smoking
Never smoker	3864	30.3	290	22.8	15699	69.9	1012	81.5
Former smoker	3861	30.3	360	28.3	2340	10.4	71	5.7
Smoker	5016	39.4	620	48.7	4422	19.7	158	12.7
Unknown	6	0.1	2	0.2	12	0.1	0	0
Recreational physical activity index³
Inactive	4353	34.1	472	37.1	8728	38.8	531	42.8
Moderately inactive	3241	25.4	350	27.5	7447	33.1	387	31.2
Moderately active	2765	21.7	258	20.3	4351	19.4	222	17.9
Active	2388	18.7	192	15.1	1947	8.7	101	8.1
Menopausal status
Pre-menopausal	-		-		12530	55.8	449	36.2
Peri-menopausal	-		-		2109	9.4	141	11.4
Post-menopausal	-		-		7834	34.9	651	52.5

BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference.
All within-sex comparisons between cases and non-cases were significant at P < 0.001 level, except for the recreational physical activity index (P _men = 0.003; P _women = 0.051).
¹ Normal weight, BMI < 25 kg/m²; overweight, 25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m²; obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m².
² Low, WC < 94 cm (men) or WC < 80 cm (women); medium, 94 ≤ WC < 102 cm (men) or 80 ≤ WC < 88 cm (women); high, WC ≥ 102 cm (men) or WC ≥ 88 cm (women).
³ Sum of MET-h/week spent in walking, cycling and sports. Inactive, ≤19.50; moderately inactive, 19.51-33.75; moderately active, 33.76-54.75; active, >54.75.

ISSN: 1472-6823