Autonomous exercise game use improves metabolic control and quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients - a randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and study effects

Parameters	Intervention group (n = 120)				Control group (n = 100)
Sex (male/female) [n]	55 (46%) / 65 (54%)				46 (46%) / 54 (54%)
Age [years]	62 ± 11				60 ± 9
	Baseline (n = 120)	End (n = 93)	∆	p	Baseline (n = 100)	End (n = 83)	∆	p
Weight [kg]	98 ± 19	96 ± 19	-1.2 ± 4.7	0.0001	96 ± 22	96 ± 24	-0.7 ± 2.6	0.014
Body mass index [kg/m²]	34.1 ± 6.5	33.5 ± 6.5	-0.4 ± 1.6	0.0001	33.2 ± 6.3	33.2 ± 6.5	-0.3 ± 0.9	0.007
Systolic blood pressure [mmHg]	134 ± 15	132 ± 13	-2 ± 15	ns	135 ± 17	136 ± 17	2 ± 14	ns
Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg]	80 ± 8	79 ± 8	-0.6 ± 10	ns	80 ± 9	80 ± 8	-0,3 ± 9	ns
Fasting blood glucose [mg/dl]	136 ± 39	127 ± 37	-8 ± 35	0.041	130 ± 39	130 ± 37	-3 ± 24	ns
Total cholesterol [mg/dl]	207 ± 43	204 ± 44	-3 ± 23	ns	202 ± 45	201 ± 45	-2 ± 18	ns
HDL cholesterol [mg/dl]	50 ± 14	51 ± 14	0 ± 7	ns	48 ± 11	49 ± 12	0 ± 5	ns
LDL cholesterol [mg/dl]	125 ± 35	125 ± 36	0 ± 23	ns	124 ± 50	120 ± 42	4 ± 26	ns
Triglycerides [mg/dl]	200 ± 123	198 ± 114	2 ± 65	ns	234 ± 251	238 ± 27	5 ± 69	ns
Physical activity [%]	42 ± 19	59 ± 17	12 ± 12	<0.0001	43 ± 21	46 ± 19	4 ± 10	0.002
Treatment with Metformin [%]	73	72	-1	ns	78	81	3	ns
Treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors [%]	16	16	0	ns	19	19	0	ns

HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein. Shown are means ± standard deviations. Self-reported physical activity was estimated according to a 6-point questionnaire asking for intensity of working time physical activity, intensity of leisure time physical activity, frequency of physical activity during winter time, frequency of physical activity during summer time, duration of walking time per day and duration of bicycling time per day. Single values were summed up with the maximal reachable value set to 100%. Differences between groups had been determined by Chi-square test and Mann Whitney test.

ISSN: 1472-6823