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Table 2 Risk factors for goitre in schoolchildren resulting from logistic regression models in South Tajikistan, 2009

From: Iodine nutritional status and risk factors for goitre among schoolchildren in South Tajikistan

 

Goitre

 

Bivariate modela

Multivariable modelb

Explanatory variables

OR

(95% CI)

P-valuec

OR

95% CI

P-valuec

Demography

      

  Sex

      

  Male

1.00

     

  Female

1.16

(0.84, 1.60)

0.370

   

  Age (years)

      

  7-8

1.00

     

  9

1.11

(0.73, 1.71)

    

  10-11

1.32

(0.83, 2.09)

0.462

   

Location of school

      

  1

1.00

     

  2

1.49

(0.72, 3.07)

    

  3

2.42

(1.16, 5.05)

    

  4

2.68

(1.30, 5.55)

    

  5

1.63

(0.76, 3.48)

    

  6

0.85

(0.40, 1.80)

    

  7

1.28

(0.63, 2.58)

    

  8

2.08

(1.02, 4.22)

    

  9

0.35

(0.15, 0.78)

    

  10

0.51

(0.22, 1.14)

<0.001

   

Socioeconomic status

      

  Bottom 40%

1.00

     

  Middle 40%

0.71

(0.49, 1.02)

    

  Top 20%

0.77

(0.49, 1.19)

0.159

   

  Meat consumption per week

      

  < 1 times

1.00

     

  1-2 times

0.99

(0.66, 1.48)

    

  3-4 times

1.26

(0.75, 2.11)

    

  > 4 times

0.81

(0.45, 1.47)

0.596

   

Source of drinking water

      

  Unprotected well, surface water

1.00

     

  Piped water in dwelling

0.61

(0.33, 1.14)

    

  Water tap in yard (shared with neighbours)

0.53

(0.25, 1.14)

    

  Public tap/standpipe

0.39

(0.27, 0.55)

<0.001

   

Infection with single or multiple species pathogenic parasited

1.17

(0.83, 1.63)

0.368

   

Salt bought from

      

Local shop in village or nearby town

1.00

  

1.00

  

Wholesale shop

1.98

(1.14, 3.43)

 

1.65

(0.90, 3.00)

 

  Local market

1.30

(0.87, 1.94)

 

0.96

(0.58, 1.57)

 

  Truckseller/across the border

4.68

(0.96, 22.85)

0.015

3.02

(0.55, 16.73)

0.066

Type of salt package

      

  Box

1.00

     

  Plastic bag with label

0.66

(0.37, 1.18)

    

  Plastic bag without label

1.02

(0.51, 2.06)

    

  Loose

0.80

(0.43, 1.48)

0.268

   

Frequency of buying salt

      

  Every 1–2 weeks

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Once a month

1.34

(0.84, 2.14)

 

2.89

(1.01, 8.22)

 

  Once every 2–3 months

1.76

(1.04, 2.98)

 

2.00

(0.85, 4.75)

 

  Once every 6 months or less often

1.47

(0.82, 2.64)

0.195

2.26

(1.01, 5.04)

0.040

Quantity of salt bought last time

      

  < 1 kg

1.00

  

1.00

  

  1 kg

2.30

(0.88, 6.03)

 

2.56

(0.81, 8.14)

 

  > 1 kg to 5 kg

1.58

(0.72, 3.47)

 

1.85

(0.72, 4.73)

 

  ≥ 5 kg

2.24

(1.06, 4.72)

0.073

1.96

(0.79, 4.87)

0.128

  Storage of salt

      

  Container with lid

1.00

     

  Container without lid

1.24

(0.85, 1.79)

    

  Leave in bag or packet

0.67

(0.22, 2.05)

0.368

   

Household head has ever heard about iodized salt

1.26

(0.53, 3.02)

0.589

   

Iodization level of salt

      

  Not iodized

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Inadequately iodized (< 15 ppm)

0.56

(0.38, 0.84)

 

0.72

(0.44, 1.17)

 

  Adequately iodized (≥ 15 ppm)

0.76

(0.51, 1.14)

0.017

1.25

(0.74, 2.11)

0.055

Thyroglobulin concentration

      

  Tg 4–40 μg/L

1.00

     

  Tg < 4 μg/L

1.05

(0.68, 1.62)

    

  Tg >40 μg/L

1.78

(1.14, 2.81)

0.039

   

Urinary iodine concentration (UIC)

      

  UIC ≥100 μg/L

1.00

     

  UIC 50–99 μg/L

0.71

(0.44, 1.14)

    

  UIC <50 μg/L

1.09

(0.70, 1.70)

0.067

   
  1. aCrude Odds Ratio.
  2. bSchool-level random effect included.
  3. c P-value based on likelihood ratio test (LRT).
  4. dPathogenic parasites: Helminths (Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis diminuta, Dicrocoelium dendriticum), Intestinal protozoon (Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar.