|
Smoking status
|
Never smoker
|
948 (53%)
|
1033 (58%)
|
922 (52%)
|
<0.001
|
| |
Former smoker
|
568 (32%)
|
531 (30%)
|
569 (32%)
| |
| |
smoker < 10 c/d
|
84 (4.7%)
|
75 (4.2%)
|
76 (4.3%)
| |
| |
smoker 10-19 c/d
|
77 (4.3%)
|
64 (3.6%)
|
81 (4.6%)
| |
| |
smoker > = 20 c/d
|
100 (5.6%)
|
76 (4.3%)
|
130 (7.3%)
| |
|
Exercise group
|
Nil/sedentary
|
321 (19%)
|
271 (16%)
|
323 (19%)
|
0.003
|
| |
Low
|
621 (37%)
|
683 (40%)
|
622 (36%)
| |
| |
Moderate
|
318 (19%)
|
355 (21%)
|
338 (20%)
| |
| |
High
|
437 (26%)
|
408 (24%)
|
433 (25%)
| |
|
Hormone replacement therapy
|
No
|
1250 (70%)
|
1193 (67%)
|
1160 (65%)
|
0.020
|
| |
Yes
|
535 (30%)
|
591 (33%)
|
624 (35%)
| |
|
Heart disease
|
No
|
1743 (99%)
|
1741 (98%)
|
1735 (98%)
|
0.077
|
| |
Yes
|
26 (1.5%)
|
28 (1.6%)
|
30 (1.7%)
| |
|
Hypertension
|
No
|
1498 (85%)
|
1495 (85%)
|
1449 (82%)
|
0.038
|
| |
Yes
|
271 (15%)
|
274 (15%)
|
316 (18%)
| |
|
Arthritis
|
No
|
1409 (80%)
|
1358 (77%)
|
1375 (78%)
|
0.342
|
| |
Yes
|
360 (20%)
|
411 (23%)
|
390 (22%)
| |
|
Asthma
|
No
|
1568 (89%)
|
1602 (91%)
|
1584 (90%)
|
0.038
|
| |
Yes
|
201 (11%)
|
167 (9.4%)
|
181 (10%)
| |
|
Depression
|
No
|
1538 (87%)
|
1605 (91%)
|
1597 (90%)
|
0.001
|
| |
Yes
|
231 (13%)
|
164 (9.3%)
|
168 (9.5%)
| |
|
Age
|
mean (SD)
|
52.6 (1.4)
|
52.6 (1.5)
|
52.4 (1.5)
|
0.004
|
|
Body mass index
|
mean (SD)
|
26.0 (5.4)
|
26.5 (5.1)
|
27.2 (5.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
Total energy intake
|
mean (SD)
|
6676 (2415)
|
6604 (2275)
|
6687 (2790)
|
0.508
|
|
Alcohol intake
|
mean (SD)
|
6.2 (11.0)
|
8.3 (12.1)
|
9.7 (14.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Number of supplements
|
mean (SD)
|
1.1 (1.1)
|
1.1 (1.1)
|
1.0 (1.1)
|
0.163
|
|
Carbohydrates (% of energy)
|
mean (SD)
|
48.2 (5.8)
|
45.6 (5.8)
|
41.0 (7.5)
|
<0.001
|
|
Dietary fibre (% of energy)
|
mean (SD)
|
2.4 (0.7)
|
2.5 (0.6)
|
2.5 (0.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Total protein (% of energy)
|
mean (SD)
|
17.1 (2.1)
|
20.8 (1.7)
|
25.1 (2.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Total fat (% of energy)
|
mean (SD)
|
35.5 (5.5)
|
34.3 (5.9)
|
34.5 (6.6)
|
<0.001
|
|
Saturated fat (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
14.0 (3.8)
|
13.5 (3.4)
|
13.9 (3.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy)
|
mean (SD)
|
6.3 (2.3)
|
5.5 (1.9)
|
4.7 (1.5)
|
<0.001
|
|
Monounsaturated fat (% of energy)
|
mean (SD)
|
12.1 (2.2)
|
12.1 (2.4)
|
12.6 (2.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Iron (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
−0.605 (0.984)
|
0.022 (0.905)
|
0.543 (0.897)
|
<0.001
|
|
Cholesterol (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
−0.584 (1.170)
|
−0.043 (0.827)
|
0.607 (0.855)
|
<0.001
|
|
Retinol (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
0.451 (0.947)
|
0.030 (0.932)
|
−0.525 (0.993)
|
<0.001
|
|
Vitamin C (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
−0.092 (1.198)
|
0.024 (0.957)
|
0.028 (0.895)
|
0.001
|
|
Vitamin E (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
0.346 (1.094)
|
0.035 (0.923)
|
−0.407 (0.939)
|
<0.001
|
|
Calcium (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
−0.374 (0.901)
|
0.126 (0.940)
|
0.089 (1.166)
|
<0.001
|
|
Magnesium (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
−0.453 (1.001)
|
0.064 (0.901)
|
0.268 (1.069)
|
<0.001
|
|
Sodium (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
−0.432 (1.030)
|
0.026 (0.930)
|
0.345 (0.999)
|
<0.001
|
|
Potassium (energy adjusted)
|
mean (SD)
|
−0.594 (1.072)
|
0.067 (0.891)
|
0.454 (0.915)
|
<0.001
|
