Table 1 Characteristics of subjects at survey 3 by quintile of energy-adjusted zinc
Quintile of energy-adjusted zinc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Sub group/or mean(Std) | Q1 Lowest (n = 1785) | Q3 Middle (n = 1784) | Q5 Highest (n = 1784) | p-value |
Smoking status | Never smoker | 948 (53%) | 1033 (58%) | 922 (52%) | <0.001 |
Former smoker | 568 (32%) | 531 (30%) | 569 (32%) | ||
smoker < 10 c/d | 84 (4.7%) | 75 (4.2%) | 76 (4.3%) | ||
smoker 10-19 c/d | 77 (4.3%) | 64 (3.6%) | 81 (4.6%) | ||
smoker > = 20 c/d | 100 (5.6%) | 76 (4.3%) | 130 (7.3%) | ||
Exercise group | Nil/sedentary | 321 (19%) | 271 (16%) | 323 (19%) | 0.003 |
Low | 621 (37%) | 683 (40%) | 622 (36%) | ||
Moderate | 318 (19%) | 355 (21%) | 338 (20%) | ||
High | 437 (26%) | 408 (24%) | 433 (25%) | ||
Hormone replacement therapy | No | 1250 (70%) | 1193 (67%) | 1160 (65%) | 0.020 |
Yes | 535 (30%) | 591 (33%) | 624 (35%) | ||
Heart disease | No | 1743 (99%) | 1741 (98%) | 1735 (98%) | 0.077 |
Yes | 26 (1.5%) | 28 (1.6%) | 30 (1.7%) | ||
Hypertension | No | 1498 (85%) | 1495 (85%) | 1449 (82%) | 0.038 |
Yes | 271 (15%) | 274 (15%) | 316 (18%) | ||
Arthritis | No | 1409 (80%) | 1358 (77%) | 1375 (78%) | 0.342 |
Yes | 360 (20%) | 411 (23%) | 390 (22%) | ||
Asthma | No | 1568 (89%) | 1602 (91%) | 1584 (90%) | 0.038 |
Yes | 201 (11%) | 167 (9.4%) | 181 (10%) | ||
Depression | No | 1538 (87%) | 1605 (91%) | 1597 (90%) | 0.001 |
Yes | 231 (13%) | 164 (9.3%) | 168 (9.5%) | ||
Age | mean (SD) | 52.6 (1.4) | 52.6 (1.5) | 52.4 (1.5) | 0.004 |
Body mass index | mean (SD) | 26.0 (5.4) | 26.5 (5.1) | 27.2 (5.4) | <0.001 |
Total energy intake | mean (SD) | 6676 (2415) | 6604 (2275) | 6687 (2790) | 0.508 |
Alcohol intake | mean (SD) | 6.2 (11.0) | 8.3 (12.1) | 9.7 (14.9) | <0.001 |
Number of supplements | mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.163 |
Carbohydrates (% of energy) | mean (SD) | 48.2 (5.8) | 45.6 (5.8) | 41.0 (7.5) | <0.001 |
Dietary fibre (% of energy) | mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Total protein (% of energy) | mean (SD) | 17.1 (2.1) | 20.8 (1.7) | 25.1 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Total fat (% of energy) | mean (SD) | 35.5 (5.5) | 34.3 (5.9) | 34.5 (6.6) | <0.001 |
Saturated fat (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | 14.0 (3.8) | 13.5 (3.4) | 13.9 (3.3) | <0.001 |
Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy) | mean (SD) | 6.3 (2.3) | 5.5 (1.9) | 4.7 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Monounsaturated fat (% of energy) | mean (SD) | 12.1 (2.2) | 12.1 (2.4) | 12.6 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Iron (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | −0.605 (0.984) | 0.022 (0.905) | 0.543 (0.897) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | −0.584 (1.170) | −0.043 (0.827) | 0.607 (0.855) | <0.001 |
Retinol (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | 0.451 (0.947) | 0.030 (0.932) | −0.525 (0.993) | <0.001 |
Vitamin C (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | −0.092 (1.198) | 0.024 (0.957) | 0.028 (0.895) | 0.001 |
Vitamin E (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | 0.346 (1.094) | 0.035 (0.923) | −0.407 (0.939) | <0.001 |
Calcium (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | −0.374 (0.901) | 0.126 (0.940) | 0.089 (1.166) | <0.001 |
Magnesium (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | −0.453 (1.001) | 0.064 (0.901) | 0.268 (1.069) | <0.001 |
Sodium (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | −0.432 (1.030) | 0.026 (0.930) | 0.345 (0.999) | <0.001 |
Potassium (energy adjusted) | mean (SD) | −0.594 (1.072) | 0.067 (0.891) | 0.454 (0.915) | <0.001 |