Table 1 Clinical characteristics and biochemical changes among the three studied groups

Sex (M/F)

8/12

13/15

10/32

Age (years)

51.25 ± 1.51

56.39 ± 1.43

54.00 ± 1.17

BMI (kg/m²)

30.00 ± 0.82

31.72 ± 0.77

32.02 ± 0.52

Duration of diabetes (years)

—

7.82 ± 0.76

10.48 ± 1.01

SBP (mmHg)

120 ± 2

129 ± 2^a

130 ± 2^a

DBP (mmHg)

78 ± 1

82 ± 1^a

81 ± 1^a

FPG (mg/dl)

79.50 ± 3.07

155.11 ± 13.01^a

191.02 ± 13.04^a

HbA_1c (%)

5.26 ± 0.08

6.15 ± 0.10^a

8.71 ± 0.57^a,b

C-peptide (ng/ml)

4.09 ± 0.30

4.46 ± 0.25

4.13 ± 0.24

sRAGE (pg/ml)

804.92 ± 58.14

630.47 ± 48.14

600.06 ± 37.75^a

VCAM-1 (ng/ml)

636.81 ± 30.33

739.69 ± 32.26

808.84 ± 36.90^a

SOD (U/ml)

5.28 ± 0.40

7.44 ± 0.67

6.77 ± 0.61

NO_x (μmol/l)

177.08 ± 3.81

178.65 ± 4.04

187.15 ± 2.84

Ox-LDL (ng/ml)

94.67 ± 4.28

96.78 ± 6.59

114.31 ± 8.05

GSH (mg/dl)

45.81 ± 1.01

41.10 ± 1.34^a

39.57 ± 0.98^a

Antihypertensive therapy, n (%)

—

12(43)

22(52)