Variables | HbA1c | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
≤8.0% | ≤8.0% | |||
N (%) | N (%) | |||
Gender | ||||
Male | 226 (74.2) | 76 (25.8) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Female | 285 (74.8) | 99 (25.8) | 1.03 (0.73-1.46) | 1.20 (0.75-1.92) |
Age group | ||||
<60 years | 156 (63.4) | 90 (36.6) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
60-69 years | 187 (79.2) | 49 (20.8) | 0.45 (0.30-0.68)*** | 0.42 (0.25-0.73)** |
≥ 70 years | 165 (82.1) | 36 (17.9) | 0.38 (0.24-0.59)*** | 0.38 (0.20-0.73)** |
Ethnicity | ||||
Chinese | 390 (77.4) | 114 (22.6) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Malay | 55 (67.1) | 27 (32.9) | 1.68 (1.01-2.78)* | 1.02 (0.56-1.88) |
Indian | 51 (63.8) | 29 (36.3) | 1.94 (1.18-3.20)** | 1.33 (0.72-2.45) |
Others | 17 (77.3) | 5 (22.7) | 1.00 (0.36-2.78) | 0.50 (0.13-1.92) |
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 58 (60.4) | 38 (39.6) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Married | 455 (76.9) | 137 (23.1) | 0.46 (0.29-0.72)*** | 0.59 (0.32-1.03) |
Smoking status | ||||
Never smoker | 355 (74.0) | 125 (26.0) | 1.00 (ref) | / |
Ex-smoker | 104 (73.8) | 37 (26.2) | 1.01 (0.66-1.55) | / |
Current smoker | 52 (81.3) | 12 (18.8) | 0.66 (0.34-1.27) | / |
Occupation | ||||
Employed | 160 (67.2) | 78 (32.8) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Retired/Unemployed | 215 (80.8) | 51 (19.2) | 0.49 (0.32-0.73)*** | 0.65 (0.36-1.16) |
Housewife/Others | 138 (75.0) | 46 (25.0) | 0.68 (0.44-1.05) | 0.81 (0.43-1.49) |
Housing type | ||||
Public housing 1-3rooms | 140 (65.1) | 75 (34.9) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Public housing 4–5 rooms/Private | 367 (78.6) | 100 (21.4) | 0.51 (0.36-0.73)*** | 0.52 (0.33-0.80)** |
Household income | ||||
SGD < $4000 | 269 (72.7) | 101 (27.3) | 1.00 (ref) | / |
SGD ≥ $4000 | 74 (75.5) | 24 (24.5) | 0.86 (0.52-1.44) | / |
Highest education | ||||
No formal education | 156 (75.7) | 50 (24.3) | 1.00 (ref) | / |
PSLE/O/N level | 272 (73.9) | 96 (26.1) | 1.10 (0.74-1.63) | / |
A level/ITE/Tertiary | 81 (74.3) | 28 (25.7) | 1.08 (0.63-1.84) | / |
Duration of DM | ||||
Less than 10 years | 290 (77.8) | 83 (22.2) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
10 years or above | 221 (70.6) | 92 (29.4) | 1.47 (1.04-2.08)* | 1.73 (1.11-2.71)* |
DM treatment | ||||
Non-insulin | 468 (77.9) | 133 (22.1) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Insulin | 34 (46.6) | 39 (53.4) | 4.03 (2.45-6.62)*** | 2.68 (1.45-4.95)** |
Compliance to medication | ||||
All the time/most of time | 455 (75.1) | 151 (24.9) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Less than all the time | 16 (45.7) | 19 (54.3) | 3.59 (1.80-7.51)*** | 3.72 (1.55-7.64)*** |
Self-monitoring | ||||
No | 378 (76.8) | 114 (23.2) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Yes | 133 (68.9) | 60 (31.1) | 1.50 (1.03-2.17)* | 1.27 (0.79-2.02) |
BMI | ||||
<23 kg/m2 | 130 (79.3) | 34 (20.7) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
23-27.4 kg/m2 | 227 (80.5) | 55 (19.5) | 0.93 (0.57-1.50) | 0.91 (0.53-1.55) |
≥27.5 kg/m2 | 173 (70.0) | 74 (30.0) | 2.25 (1.40-3.61)*** | 1.78 (1.01-3.13) |
Management satisfaction by clinic | ||||
Very satisfied | 168 (74.0) | 59 (26.0) | 1.00 (ref) | / |
Mostly | 297 (76.6) | 91 (23.5) | 0.87 (0.60-1.27) | / |
Not satisfied/A little | 44 (63.8) | 25 (36.2) | 1.62 (0.91-2.87) | / |
Confidence in doctor | ||||
Very confident | 177 (72.8) | 66 (27.2) | 1.00 (ref) | / |
Mostly | 288 (76.8) | 87 (23.2) | 0.81 (0.56-1.17) | / |
A little/Not confident | 44 (67.7) | 21 (32.3) | 1.28 (0.71-2.31) | / |