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Table 4 Associations between patient characteristics by HbA1c levels by logistic regression analyses in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated and followed up in SingHealth polyclinics

From: Younger adult type 2 diabetic patients have poorer glycaemic control: a cross-sectional study in a primary care setting in Singapore

Variables

HbA1c

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡

≤8.0%

≤8.0%

 

N (%)

N (%)

  

Gender

    

Male

226 (74.2)

76 (25.8)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Female

285 (74.8)

99 (25.8)

1.03 (0.73-1.46)

1.20 (0.75-1.92)

Age group

    

<60 years

156 (63.4)

90 (36.6)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

60-69 years

187 (79.2)

49 (20.8)

0.45 (0.30-0.68)***

0.42 (0.25-0.73)**

≥ 70 years

165 (82.1)

36 (17.9)

0.38 (0.24-0.59)***

0.38 (0.20-0.73)**

Ethnicity

    

Chinese

390 (77.4)

114 (22.6)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Malay

55 (67.1)

27 (32.9)

1.68 (1.01-2.78)*

1.02 (0.56-1.88)

Indian

51 (63.8)

29 (36.3)

1.94 (1.18-3.20)**

1.33 (0.72-2.45)

Others

17 (77.3)

5 (22.7)

1.00 (0.36-2.78)

0.50 (0.13-1.92)

Marital status

    

Not married

58 (60.4)

38 (39.6)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Married

455 (76.9)

137 (23.1)

0.46 (0.29-0.72)***

0.59 (0.32-1.03)

Smoking status

    

Never smoker

355 (74.0)

125 (26.0)

1.00 (ref)

/

Ex-smoker

104 (73.8)

37 (26.2)

1.01 (0.66-1.55)

/

Current smoker

52 (81.3)

12 (18.8)

0.66 (0.34-1.27)

/

Occupation

    

Employed

160 (67.2)

78 (32.8)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Retired/Unemployed

215 (80.8)

51 (19.2)

0.49 (0.32-0.73)***

0.65 (0.36-1.16)

Housewife/Others

138 (75.0)

46 (25.0)

0.68 (0.44-1.05)

0.81 (0.43-1.49)

Housing type

    

Public housing 1-3rooms

140 (65.1)

75 (34.9)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Public housing 4–5 rooms/Private

367 (78.6)

100 (21.4)

0.51 (0.36-0.73)***

0.52 (0.33-0.80)**

Household income

    

SGD < $4000

269 (72.7)

101 (27.3)

1.00 (ref)

/

SGD ≥ $4000

74 (75.5)

24 (24.5)

0.86 (0.52-1.44)

/

Highest education

    

No formal education

156 (75.7)

50 (24.3)

1.00 (ref)

/

PSLE/O/N level

272 (73.9)

96 (26.1)

1.10 (0.74-1.63)

/

A level/ITE/Tertiary

81 (74.3)

28 (25.7)

1.08 (0.63-1.84)

/

Duration of DM

    

Less than 10 years

290 (77.8)

83 (22.2)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

10 years or above

221 (70.6)

92 (29.4)

1.47 (1.04-2.08)*

1.73 (1.11-2.71)*

DM treatment

    

Non-insulin

468 (77.9)

133 (22.1)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Insulin

34 (46.6)

39 (53.4)

4.03 (2.45-6.62)***

2.68 (1.45-4.95)**

Compliance to medication

    

All the time/most of time

455 (75.1)

151 (24.9)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Less than all the time

16 (45.7)

19 (54.3)

3.59 (1.80-7.51)***

3.72 (1.55-7.64)***

Self-monitoring

    

No

378 (76.8)

114 (23.2)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

133 (68.9)

60 (31.1)

1.50 (1.03-2.17)*

1.27 (0.79-2.02)

BMI

    

<23 kg/m2

130 (79.3)

34 (20.7)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

23-27.4 kg/m2

227 (80.5)

55 (19.5)

0.93 (0.57-1.50)

0.91 (0.53-1.55)

≥27.5 kg/m2

173 (70.0)

74 (30.0)

2.25 (1.40-3.61)***

1.78 (1.01-3.13)

Management satisfaction by clinic

    

Very satisfied

168 (74.0)

59 (26.0)

1.00 (ref)

/

Mostly

297 (76.6)

91 (23.5)

0.87 (0.60-1.27)

/

Not satisfied/A little

44 (63.8)

25 (36.2)

1.62 (0.91-2.87)

/

Confidence in doctor

    

Very confident

177 (72.8)

66 (27.2)

1.00 (ref)

/

Mostly

288 (76.8)

87 (23.2)

0.81 (0.56-1.17)

/

A little/Not confident

44 (67.7)

21 (32.3)

1.28 (0.71-2.31)

/

  1. *P-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001.
  2. ‡Multivariate logistic regression model, adjusted for age (<60, 60–69, ≥70 years), gender (male, female), race (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others), marital status (married, single, others), occupation (employed, retired/unemployed, housewife/others), housing type (public1-4, public5/private), BMI (<23, 23–27.5, >27.5), duration of DM (<10, ≥10 years), DM treatment (non-insulin, insulin), compliance to medication (all the time, less than most of time), monitor glucose at home (yes, no).