Table 3 Patient diabetic disease characteristics
Characteristics | HbA1c ≤ 8.0% | HbA1c > 8% | Total | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 513) | (n = 175) | (n = 688) | ||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
BMI | ||||
<23 kg/m2 | 131 (27.0) | 34 (20.9) | 165 (25.4) | <0.001 |
23-27.4 kg/m2 | 228 (47.0) | 55 (33.7) | 283 (43.7) | |
≥27.5 kg/m2 | 126 (26.0) | 74 (45.4) | 200 (30.9) | |
Smoking status | ||||
Never smoker | 355 (69.5) | 125 (71.8) | 480 (70.1) | 0.438 |
Ex-smoker | 104 (20.4) | 37 (21.3) | 141 (20.6) | |
Current smoker | 52 (10.2) | 12 (6.9) | 64 (9.3) | |
Duration of DM | ||||
Less than 5 years | 177 (34.6) | 48 (27.4) | 225 (32.8) | 0.154 |
5-9.9 years | 113 (22.1) | 35 (20.0) | 148 (21.6) | |
10-14.9 years | 89 (17.4) | 31 (17.7) | 120 (17.5) | |
15-19.9 years | 43 (8.4) | 23 (13.1) | 66 (9.6) | |
20 years or above | 89 (17.4) | 38 (21.7) | 127 (18.5) | |
DM treatment* | ||||
Insulin | 34 (6.8) | 39 (22.7) | 73 (10.8) | <0.001 |
Medication | 467 (91.6) | 167 (96.0) | 634 (92.7) | 0.054 |
Diet controls | 428 (84.4) | 140 (80.5) | 568 (83.4) | 0.226 |
Exercise | 314 (61.9) | 106 (61.3) | 420 (61.8) | 0.877 |
Compliance to medication | ||||
All the time | 381 (74.6) | 121 (69.1) | 502 (73.2) | 0.001 |
Most of the time | 76 (14.9) | 30 (17.1) | 106 (15.5) | |
Sometimes | 15 (2.9) | 17 (9.7) | 32 (4.7) | |
Rarely | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | |
Never | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | |
No medication is needed | 38 (7.4) | 5 (2.9) | 43 (6.3) | |
DM-related co-morbidities* | ||||
Stroke | 44 (8.6) | 10 (5.8) | 54 (7.9) | 0.226 |
Ischaemic heart disease | 75 (14.7) | 20 (11.6) | 95 (13.9) | 0.302 |
Kidney disease | 38 (7.4) | 15 (8.6) | 53 (7.7) | 0.614 |
Peripheral neuropathy | 122 (23.9) | 42 (24.3) | 164 (24.0) | 0.925 |
Retinopathy | 116 (22.8) | 51 (29.7) | 167 (24.5) | 0.069 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 26 (5.1) | 13 (7.5) | 39 (5.7) | 0.249 |
Any of DM-related diseases | 255 (49.9) | 92 (52.9) | 347 (50.7) | 0.498 |
Self-monitoring at home | 133 (26.0) | 60 (34.5) | 193 (28.2) | 0.032 |
Chronic medical problems | ||||
Hypertension | 369 (72.2) | 107 (61.5) | 476 (69.5) | 0.008 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 367 (71.8) | 125 (71.8) | 492 (71.8) | 0.996 |
History of cancer | 21 (4.1) | 8 (4.6) | 29 (4.3) | 0.790 |
Arthritis | 163 (32.0) | 51 (29.3) | 214 (31.3) | 0.515 |
Asthma | 33 (6.5) | 10 (5.8) | 43 (6.3) | 0.751 |
Lung disease | 16 (3.1) | 3 (1.7) | 19 (2.8) | 0.337 |
Liver disease | 20 (3.9) | 7 (4.1) | 27 (4.0) | 0.938 |
Mental disorders | 26 (5.1) | 6 (3.5) | 32 (4.7) | 0.383 |
Urology problems | 53 (10.4) | 14 (8.1) | 67 (9.8) | 0.383 |
ENT problems | 45 (8.8) | 10 (5.8) | 55 (8.1) | 0.210 |
Any of chronic medical problems | 474 (92.8) | 150 (86.2) | 624 (91.1) | 0.009 |
Management satisfaction by clinic | ||||
Not satisfied | 9 (1.8) | 4 (2.3) | 13 (1.9) | 0.151 |
A little | 35 (6.9) | 21 (12.0) | 56 (8.1) | |
Mostly | 297 (58.4) | 91 (52.0) | 388 (56.7) | |
Very satisfied | 168 (33.0) | 59 (33.7) | 227 (33.2) | |
Confidence in doctor | ||||
Not confident | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.6) | 6 (0.9) | 0.280 |
A little | 39 (7.7) | 20 (11.5) | 59 (8.6) | |
Mostly | 288 (56.6) | 87 (50.0) | 375 (54.9) | |
Very confident | 177 (34.8) | 66 (37.9) | 243 (35.6) |