Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the subjects (n = 324)

40.4 ± 14.3

36.4 ± 13.5

42.1 ± 14.3^a

47.3 ± 13.9^b

46.4 ± 14.7^c

48.8 ± 12.7^d

122 (37.6)

38 (33.6)

70 (57.4)

34 (27.9)

39 (32.0)

10 (8.2)

84.8 ± 22.2

80.1 ± 18.8

89.1 ± 20.8^a

86.2 ± 21.6^b

86.0 ± 22.1^c

86.3 ± 17.9

32.0 ± 7.3

29.9 ± 6.6

33.9 ± 8.3^a

33.2 ± 9.3^b

33.4 ± 9.0^c

32.8 ± 4.7

103.9 ± 16.7

98.4 ± 16.5

108.1 ± 15.5^a

105.9 ± 16.1^b

107.3 ± 16.3^c

107.0 ± 13.9^d

105.2 ± 14.8

96.8 ± 15.3

110.1 ± 12.9^a

108.6 ± 13.5^b

110.2 ± 13.2^c

110.9 ± 7.5^d

103.1 ± 17.7

99.2 ± 17.2

106.8 ± 16.9^a

104.1 ± 17.5

105.1 ± 18.1

104.0 ± 17.0

0.26

0.48

0.16

0.20

0.14

0.24

118.6 ± 15.5

111.7 ± 12.4

123.2 ± 16.3^a

124.3 ± 16.0^b

124.2 ± 16.0^c

131.3 ± 17.0^d

77.7 ± 10.0

74.1 ± 9.8

80.1 ± 9.7^a

79.3 ± 8.7^b

79.9 ± 8.8^c

81.6 ± 8.7^d

26.0 (20.0-41.0)

22 (17.0-31.0)

27.0 (22.0-51.0)^a

29.0 (22.0-60.0)^b

31.0 (23.0-49.0)^c

30.0 (24.0-61.0)^d

33.0 (23.7-62.7)

29.0 (22.0-38.5)

40.0 (26.0-80.0)^a

39.5 (26.0-79.2)^b

33.0 (24.0-79.0)

34.5 (28.0-65.5)

23.0 (19.0-32.0)

20.0 (16–28)

25.0 (20.0-34.0)^a

25.0 (21.0-38.0)^b

29.0 (23.0-44.0)^c

27.0 (23.0-55.0)

<0.001

0.001

<0.001

0.003

0.13

0.20

25.0 (21.0-35.0)

23.0 (19.0-29.0)

26.0 (22.0-38.-0)

27.0 (22.0-41.5)

29.0 (23.0-42.0)

27.0 (23.0-45.0)

28.5 (22.0-41.2)

26.5 (21.0-34.5)

30.5 (23.0-48.2)

31.5 (25.0-47.2)

31.0 (23.0-45.0)

29.5 (23.7-45.7)

23.0 (20.0-3.5)

21.0 (180–27.2)

25.0 (21.0-32.0)

26.0 (22.0-37.0)

29.0 (22.2-37.5)

26.0 (22.0-50.5)

<0.001

0.005

0.001

0.074

0.455

0.832

189.0 ± 36.3

178.4 ± 36.5

195.9 ± 34.5^a

197.0 ± 33.1^b

191.4 ± 38.9^c

190.5 ± 39.2

147.0 (108.7-201.5)

107.0 (75.7-131.0)

174.5 (149.7-245.2)^a

163.0 (123.0-210.0)^b

167.0 (121.0-236.5)^c

170.5 (127.2-211.2)^d

37.7 ± 10.9

41.6 ± 12.6

34.7 ± 8.2^a

37.1 ± 10.7^b

35.2 ± 9.3^c

30.6 ± 9.5^d

32.5 ± 8.9

36.5 ± 10.5

30.9 ± 7.0^a

32.1 ± 8.0

31.1 ± 8.1^c

25.6 ± 4.4^d

39.5 ± 11.0

44.4 ± 12.9

37.3 ± 8.0^a

40.7 ± 11.0

38.1 ± 9.0^c

35.6 ± 10.8^d

<0.001

0.003

<0.001

<0.001

0.001

0.01

38.1 ± 9.1

37.1 ± 9.5

39.2 ± 8.8^a

38.2 ± 8.9

38.3 ± 8.8

38.8 ± 8.1

30.9 ± 7.2

28.6 ± 8.8

32.4 ± 5.9^a

31.0 ± 6.3

31.8 ± 6.4

32.1 ± 4.6

42.4 ± 7.1

41.4 ± 6.5

43.6 ± 7.5^a

43.0 ± 7.0

43.1 ± 7.2

44.0 ± 6.1

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

93.7 ± 13.6

85.7 ± 8.1

98.2 ± 14.8^a

110.3 ± 13.0^b

104.8 ± 16.4^c

123.0 ± 19.2^d

10.8 (6.9-15.4)

7.3 (5.2-11.6)

12.8 (8.1-17.9)^a

13.7 (9.2-18.6)^b

13.4 (8.5-19.9)^c

14.8 (7.0-21.6)^d

1.4 (0.9-2.0)

1.0 (0.7-1.5)

1.7 (1.1-2.4)^a

1.8 (1.2-2.4)^b

1.8 (1.1-2.6)^c

2.1 (0.9-3.0)^d

3.5 (2.3-5.5)

5.5 (3.9-8.5)

2.8 (1.9-4.4)^a

2.5 (1.5-3.4)^b

2.5 (1.5-3.6)^c

2.1 (1.4-3.6)^d

36.9 ± 12.1

33.1 ± 12.0

39.4 ± 11.9^a

38.6 ± 12.4^b

37.6 ± 10.3^c

36.3 ± 10.9