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Table 3 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

From: Insulin use and persistence in patients with type 2 diabetes adding mealtime insulin to a basal regimen: a retrospective database analysis

 

Persistence Measure 1

Persistence Measure 2

Total

 

Persistent

Non-persistent

 

Persistent

Non-persistent

  
 

N = 909

N = 3,843

p-value

N = 2,007

N = 2,745

p-value

N = 4,752

Gender: Female (%)

47.85

49.15

0.481

47.98

49.58

0.276

48.91

Age (mean [SD])

58.6 (11.8)

60.7 (12.3)

<0.0001

59.7 (12.1)

60.8 (12.3)

0.0043

60.3 (12.2)

Age Group (%)

   <18

0.22

0.16

<0.0001

0.20

0.15

0.069

0.17

   18-34

1.76

1.43

 

1.54

1.46

 

1.49

   35-44

7.92

6.48

 

6.78

6.74

 

6.76

   45-54

26.07

22.85

 

24.76

22.51

 

23.46

   55-64

36.74

33.49

 

35.33

33.22

 

34.11

   65-74

16.94

20.66

 

18.73

20.84

 

19.95

   75 and older

10.34

14.94

 

12.66

15.08

 

14.06

Location (%)

   Urban

77.34

80.61

0.018

79.02

80.69

0.091

79.99

   Rural

22.44

18.79

 

20.63

18.65

 

19.49

   Unknown

0.22

0.60

 

0.35

0.66

 

0.53

Insulin Type- index claim (%)

   Human

37.62

40.62

0.097

36.92

42.33

<0.0001

40.05

   Analog

62.38

59.38

 

63.08

57.67

 

59.95

Insulin Administration- index claim (%)

   Vials and Syringes

88.01

86.76

0.312

86.70

87.21

0.601

86.99

   Pens

11.99

13.24

 

13.30

12.79

 

13.01

Change in Index Insulin

Human vs. Analog Change (%)

26.84

28.57

0.298

26.46

29.54

0.020

28.24

Mean time to change (SD)

52.79 (86.30)

57.50 (81.95)

0.421

56.14 (83.32)

56.98 (82.42)

0.856

56.65 (82.75)

Pen vs. vial/syringe change (%)

4.40

3.54

0.216

4.68

2.99

0.002

3.70

Mean time to change (SD)

145.1 (107.34)

154.13 (109.70)

0.646

150.64 (113.69)

153.73 (103.88)

0.852

52.08 (108.93)

Insulin Use: 12 months (mean [SD])

Mealtime Insulin Claims

9.99 (3.36)

4.21 (2.06)

<0.0001

7.90 (3.30)

3.43 (1.50)

<0.0001

5.32 (3.28)

Basal Insulin Claims

9.64 (4.41)

6.32 (3.65)

<0.0001

8.17 (4.24)

6.06 (3.60)

<0.0001

6.95 (4.02)

Total Insulin Claims

19.63 (6.42)

10.53 (4.60)

<0.0001

16.07 (6.42)

9.49 (4.13)

<0.0001

12.27 (6.15)

Mealtime Insulin quantity per day (ml)

0.30 (0.11)

0.13 (0.06)

<0.0001

0.23 (0.10)

0.10 (0.05)

<0.0001

0.16 (0.10)

Basal Insulin quantity per day (ml)

0.27 (0.13)

0.18 (0.10)

<0.0001

0.23 (0.12)

0.17 (0.10)

<0.0001

0.19 (0.11)

Total Insulin quantity per day (ml)

0.56 (0.19)

0.30 (0.13)

<0.0001

0.46 (0.19)

0.27 (0.12)

<0.0001

0.35 (0.18)

Days between Mealtime Insulin Claims

42.44 (13.68)

106.77 (69.27)

<0.0001

58.06 (23.98)

121.09 (76.10)

<0.0001

94.47 (67.50)

Concomitant Medications Count

   Diabetes medications

0.87 (0.91)

1.07 (0.99)

<0.0001

0.95 (0.93)

1.09 (1.01)

<0.0001

1.03 (0.98)

   Cardiovascular medications

4.07 (2.36)

4.23 (2.49)

0.072

4.25 (2.42)

4.17 (2.49)

0.265

4.20 (2.46)

Copayment Burden

   Total cost of pharmacy claims

$6,122 (5657)

$5,663 (4567)

0.009

$6,221 (5310)

$5,408 (4355)

<0.0001

$5,751 (4798)

   Copay per insulin claim

$15.68 (12.21)

$18.41 (29.82)

0.007

$16.63 (13.20)

$18.81 (34.17)

0.007

$17.89 (27.37)

Deyo Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean)

2.05 (1.76)

2.22 (1.82)

0.015

2.10 (1.73)

2.25 (1.86)

0.004

2.19 (1.81)

Comorbidities (%)

   Diabetes complications

28.49

32.58

0.017

29.85

33.22

0.014

31.80

   Macrovascular complications

48.40

50.69

0.215

48.48

51.55

0.037

50.25

   Any mental health

5.61

7.42

0.056

6.18

7.72

0.040

7.70

Diabetes-Related Events

   Inpatient Admissions (%)

0.55

1.09

0.294

0.70

1.20

0.124

0.99

Mean length of stay

4.2 (1.48)

7.10 (6.59)

0.337

7.64 (4.81)

6.42 (6.87)

0.550

6.79 (6.30)

   ER Use (%)

0.66

0.62

0.903

0.75

0.55

0.388

0.63

Cardiovascular-Related Events

   Inpatient Admissions (%)

4.18

5.54

0.381

5.28

5.28

0.675

5.28

Mean length of stay

2.87 (3.83)

4.56 (6.53)

0.124

3.57 (3.15)

4.83 (7.70)

0.112

4.30 (6.22)

   ER Use (%)

2.09

2.2%

0.785

2.14

2.26

0.788

2.21

  1. Abbreviation: SD = standard deviation; ER = Emergency Room
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