Early limited nitrosamine exposures exacerbate high fat diet-mediated type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration

BMC Endocrine Disorders

Table 3 Effects of High Fat Diet and NDEA Exposure on Biomarkers of Insulin and IGF Resistance in the Cerebellum

mRNA	LFD+VEH	LFD+NDEA	HFD+VEH	HFD+NDEA	F-Ratio	P-Value
AβPP	7.007	3.129*^ξ	8.960	6.796	4.918	0.006
	± 0.828	± 0.309	± 1.542	± 1.287
Tau	12.230	6.586**^ξ	11.230	7.284**^ξ	6.612	0.001
	± 1.098	± 1.329	± 1.248	± 0.500
AChE	2.829	4.171	3.719	3.562
	± 0.178	± 0.698	± 0.618	± 0.412
ChAT	0.701	0.780	0.519*	0.485*	3.524	0.020
	± 0.045	± 0.122	± 0.039	± 0.037
Insulin	0.754	0.617	0.691	0.584*	3.065	0.040
	± 0.048	± 0.047	± 0.040	± 0.038
IGF-1	0.957	0.717	0.558	0.630
	± 0.119	± 0.179	± 0.063	± 0.060
IGF-2	12.000	15.460	17.930	11.140
	± 1.800	± 4.684	± 6.163	± 2.453
Insulin R	17.090	7.59***^ξ	16.590	16.170	9.824	< 0.001
	± 1.547	± 0.808	± 1.572	± 1.685
IGF-1R	5.031	4.331	3.052	4.511
	± 0.525	± 0.982	± 0.297	± 0.392
IGF-2R	5.677	2.641** ξ	5.289	4.797	6.201	0.002
	± 0.548	± 0.432	± 0.693	± 0.466
IRS-1	5.559	4.167	3.254**	5.276	4.532	0.009
	± 0.411	± 0.725	± 0.207	± 0.505
IRS-2	7.701	4.834*	5.278	7.571	3.403	0.028
	± 0.509	± 0.934	± 0.286	± 1.198
IRS-4	0.135	0.104	0.119	0.091
	± 0.022	± 0.024	± 0.019	± 0.017

Gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR with results normalized to 18S rRNA (see Methods). Values correspond to mRNA/18S × 10^-6. Inter-group comparisons were made using ANOVA and the post-hoc Bonferroni multiple comparison test. For all measurements, df = 3/36. Asterisks (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001) reflect significant differences relative to LFD controls. ξ = significant differences as follows: AβPP: P < 0.05 vs HFD+VEH and HFD+NDEA; Tau: P < 0.01 vs HFD+VEH; ChAT: P < 0.05 vs LFD+NDEA; Insulin R: P < 0.001 vs HFD+VEH and HFD+NDEA; IGF-2R: P < 0.001 vs HFD+VEH and HFD vs NDEA; IRS-1: P < 0.01 vs HFD+NDEA and P < 0.05 vs LFD+NDEA.

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